They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops Huguenots French Protestants. Protestant Work Ethic Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group John Knox Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) Presbyterianism a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for 'blasphemies against the Holy Trinity.' This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540 Michael Servetus a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. Should become model Christians Geneva Became home to protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas. Predestination the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power Elect/Visible Saints Church members who have had their conversion experience. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation. Colloquy at Marburg Zwingli officially split with Luther over issue of Eucharist John Calvin Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) Institutes of the Christian Religion Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Quakers English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania Unitarians a member of a religious group that emphasizes reason and faith in an individual deny the idea of the Holy Trinity Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. Tragedy at Munster Anabaptist extremists took power over Münster Anabaptists in the city forced the Catholics and Lutherans to either convert or emigrate Münster was blockaded by besieging armies and under pressure transformed into an Old Testament theocracy Mennonites founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism. John of Leyden led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of the northwestern German city of Munster. Peace of Augsburg 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler Anabaptists A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. Led to slow unification of German states. Twelve Articles 1525 - writen by representatives of the Swabian peasants in a Greman city, expressed their grievances, summarized the agarian crisis of the early 16th century Leage of Schmalkalden Alliance formed by protestant princes to protect themselves from Charles V (tried to catholize Germany).

Luther did not approve of this, despite being blamed for it. He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563) supporter of Catholicism Peasant's War Rebellion broke out against all authority in 1524-1525 in Germany over class struggles and relgious revolts (such as controversy over what sin was defined as). Charles V Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). The statements made did become the traditional statement of the Lutheran Church. Confession of Augsburg The main writings of Lutheranism written by Luters friend, Philip Melanchthon Philip Melanchthon friend of Martin Luther, he wrote the Confessions of Augsburg, an attempt to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes that failed. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Diet of Worms Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Priesthood of all believers Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position. He forced Luther to deny authority of popes and councils. Johann Eck He defeated Luther in the Leipzig Debate over indulgences in July 1519.

Marburg colloquy ap euro